Conventional sewer models such as SWMM or InfoWorks CS are widely used to analyse effects of relative runoff reduction or storage capacity increase on a global scale. However, the applied tools are usually insufficient for planning precise stormwater management strategies on city quarter scale. We propose a modelling approach that combines a 1D sewer model and a river water quality model with a detailed hydrological rainfall-runoff model that includes model components for a multitude of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS). The modelling approach is demonstrated to evaluate realistic measure combinations developed for a city quarter in Berlin, Germany. Results show that negative river impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSO), in our case fish-critical oxygen conditions, can be completely prevented with a set of adequate measures.

Facilitating and improving decision-making in urban stormwater management is a key goal of the interdisciplinary research project “Concepts for urban rainwater management, drainage and sewage systems” (KURAS). By reinstating a more natural hydrological cycle, by increasing infiltration, evapotranspiration and stormwater reuse at the building or neighborhood level, e.g. via green roofs, pervious surfaces, swales and artificial ponds, to name but a few, stormwater management has the potential not only to reduce flooding and river degradation but also to improve landscape and habitat quality, the urban climate and resource efficiency, to reduce costs, and to respond more flexibly to uncertain future conditions. These multiple potential benefits have been valuated in a systematic way, thus providing a quantitative and comparative assessment of the effects of the various approaches to stormwater management as a basis for decision-making. An important element is the stakeholder involvement in planning in order to expose interests, resolve conflicts and to discuss existing financial, legal, administrative and knowledge-related barriers to adapted urban stormwater management. For two representative neighborhoods in Berlin, Germany, alternative and realistic stormwater management scenarios have been developed based upon an analysis of the current state and evaluated using the effect indicators. Central actors for stormwater management in Berlin are collaborating with other stakeholders in the sample neighborhoods to formulate and prioritize goals regarding the selection of measures, to discuss the evaluation results and to develop transition strategies. The presentation will focus on this experience of stakeholder participation in the design of stormwater management systems on the neighborhood scale. It will present preliminary findings to be translated into recommendations for policy makers and practitioners.

Im Rahmen eines Planspiels wurden für ein Stadtquartier Kombinationen der Regenwasserbewirtschaftung erstellt und wissenschaftlich bewertet. Die verwendete Methode kombiniert dazu lokale Bedingungen (Problemlage, Machbarkeit von Maßnahmen und lokale Ziele) mit einer Bewertung von 27 Einzelmaßnahmen hinsichtlich ihrer vielfältigen Effekte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zunächst, dass eine skalenübergreifende Kombination von Maßnahmen vom Gebäude bis zum Kanaleinzugsgebiet ein großes Potenzial für die Verbesserung der städtischen Umwelt (Gewässer und Biodiversität) und Lebensqualität (Stadtklima, Freiraumqualität, Nutzen auf Gebäudeebene) hat. Die verwendete Methode erwies sich als gut geeignet für die Auswahl effektorientierter (und machbarer) Maßnahmen und für deren gezielte Platzierung in Problemräumen. Die Erfahrungen zeigen aber auch, dass die Methode optimiert werden muss, um eine bestimmte Zielerreichung (z.B. Kostenrahmen oder Einleitbeschränkung) während der Planung zu berücksichtigen.

To support decision makers in planning effective combined sewer overflow (CSO) management strategies an integrated modelling and impact assessment approach has been developed and applied for a large urban area in Berlin, Germany. It consists of an urban drainage model, a river water quality model and a tool for the quantification of adverse dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in the river, one of the main stressors for urban lowland rivers. The coupled model was calibrated successfully with average Nash- Sutcliffe-efficiencies for DO in the river of 0.61 and 0.70 for two validation years. Moreover, the whole range of observed DO concentrations after CSO down to 0 mg L-1 is simulated by the model. A local sensitivity analysis revealed that in the absence of CSO dissolved oxygen principally depends on phytoplankton dynamics. Regarding CSO impacts, it was shown that 97% of the observed DO deficit can be explained by the three processes (i) mixing of river water with CSO spill water poor in DO, (ii) reduced phytoplankton activity due to CSO-induced turbidity and (iii) degradation of organic matter by heterotrophic bacteria. As expected, process (iii) turned out to be the most important one. However depending on the time lag after CSO the other processes can become dominant. Given the different involved processes, we found that different mitigation schemes tested in a scenario analysis can reduce the occurrence of critical DO deficits in the river by 30-70%. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrated sewer-river-models can be set up to represent CSO impacts under complex urban conditions. However, a significant effort in monitoring and modelling is a requisite for achieving reliable results.

We investigate water quality of a small urban river during dry and wet weather conditions, including both standard parameters and trace organics. The monitored river stretch receives both effluents from WWTP as well as (separate) stormwater runoff of an impervious area of 11 km2. Results show increases in concentrations in the river during rain events with a factor > 20 for zinc, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, two herbicides and one flame retardant. Also, substances which are expected both in WWTP effluent and in stormwater effluents were detected at important concentrations in the river during wet weather, such as the corrosion inhibitor Benzotriazole (0.8 µg/L on average) and the plasticizer Diisodecyl phthalate (4.0 µg/L on average). The presented results are preliminary and will be complemented by more results and substances as well as an assessment of the relevance of the findings.

A study is conducted to determine the relevance of micropollutants in urban stormwater runoff. To evaluate for the first time city-wide annual loads of stormwater-based micropollutants entering urban surface waters, an event-based, one-year monitoring program was set up in separate storm sewers in Berlin. Monitoring points were selected in 5 catchments of different urban structures (old building areas <1930, newer building areas >1950, single houses with gardens, roads >7500 vehicles/day and commercial areas) to consider catchment-specific differences. Storm events of different characteristics were sampled up to four hours during different seasons by automatic samplers triggered by flow meters. Volume-proportional samples (one composite sample per event) were analysed for a set of 100 parameters including 85 organic micropollutants (e.g. flame retardants, phthalates, pesticides/biocides, PAH), heavy metals and standard parameters. So far (70/88 samples), 60 organic micropollutants were at least once detected in stormwater runoff of the investigated catchment types. Concentrations were highest for phthalates with average concentrations of 13 µg/L for diisodecyl phthalate. For heavy metals, concentrations were highest for zinc (average: 950 µg/L). Results also showed catchment-specific differences for many compounds as well as seasonal differences for selected pollutants which can be used to improve micropollutant strategies and potentially prevent loads at the source.

Im Rahmen des Projekte OgRe wurde das Ausmaß der Belastung von Regenablauf für Berlin durch ein einjähriges Monitoringprogramm in Regenwasserabfluss der Trennkanalisation unterschiedlicher Einzugsgebietstypen (Altbau, Neubau, Gewerbe, Einfamilienhäuser, Straßenablauf) untersucht. Ziel war, eine möglichst vollständige Erfassung organischer Spurenstoffe zu erreichen (einschließlich Identifizierung zusätzlicher Substanzen durch non-target-Analytik). Darüber hinaus sollte geklärt werden, inwieweit die unterschiedlichen Einzugsgebietstypen ein unterschiedliches Spektrum an Belastung durch Spurenstoffe aufweisen. Diese Informationen wurden dann genutzt, um eine Hochrechnung der über das Regenwasser in die Gewässer gelangenden Spurenstofffrachten für Gesamt-Berlin und einzelne Gewässerabschnitte zu ermöglichen. Die erhaltenen Frachten wurden verglichen mit modellierten Frachten abwasserbürtiger Spurenstoffe, die über Kläranlagenablauf in die Berliner Gewässer gelangen. Insgesamt wurden etwa 90 volumenproportionale Mischproben auf ein Set von etwa 100 Spurenstoffen analysiert. Zusätzlich wurden 12 Regenereignisse in der Panke beprobt, um Spitzenkonzentrationen regenwasserbürtiger Spurenstoffe im Gewässer zu ermitteln und ins Verhältnis zur Trockenwetterbelastung (5 Proben) zu setzen. Auch eine Untersuchung mikrobiologischer Parameter und der zeitlichen Dynamik konnten im Rahmen des Projektes durchgeführt werden.

Untreated stormwater runoff can be an important source of pollutants affecting urban surface waters. For example, in Berlin each year 78% or 54 million m³ of stormwater are discharged mostly untreated into receiving surface waters. Beside “classic” stormwater pollutants (e.g. suspended solids, COD, phosphorous or heavy metals), trace organic substances such as biocides, plasticizers, flame retardants and traffic related micropollutants (e.g. vulcanizing accelerators originating from tire wear or combustion by-products such as PAHs) started to come into focus in recent years (Zgheib et al. 2012, Gasperi et al. 2014). To evaluate for the first time city-wide annual loads of these trace organic substances entering urban surface waters through stormwater discharge, an event-based, one-year monitoring program was set up in the city of Berlin.